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Emory Upton (August 27, 1839 – March 15, 1881) was a United States Army General and brilliant military strategist. He rose to prominence for his role in leading the Union infantry to attack entrenched positions successfully at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House during the Civil War. He also excelled at artillery and cavalry assignments.
His important work, The Military Policy of the United States, analyzed American military policies and practices and presented the first systematic examination of America’s military history. Published posthumously in 1904, the volume had a tremendous effect on the U.S. Army.
Upton was born on a farm near Batavia, New York, the tenth child and sixth son of Daniel and Electra Randall Upton. He studied under famous evangelist Charles G. Finney at Oberlin College for two years before being admitted to the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1856.
While at West Point Upton fought a duel with fellow Cadet Wade Hampton Gibbes of South Carolina over some offensive remarks Gibbes made about Upton’s friendly relationships with African-American girls at Oberlin College. The two cadets fought with swords in a darkened room in the West Point barracks and Upton recieved a cut on his face.
He was one of two classes graduated early in May of 1861 to help organize the Union Army at the outbreak of the Civil War.
His life and work was chronicled by a West Point classmate of his in The Life and Letters of Emory Upton: Colonel of the Fourth Regiment of Artillery, and Brevet Major-General, U.S. Army by Peter S. Michie, Professor U.S. Military Academy.
This work is one of the books included in Accessible Archive’s Civil War Collection.
PREFACE
The subject of the following memoir was widely known by reputation in the military profession, and the story of his life would, at least to military men, have been a matter of passing interest. The tragic circumstances of his death seemed to demand some explanation in harmony with his established reputation and character. At the earnest solicitation of his nearest relatives, the author, although conscious of his own deficiencies, undertook the task of compiling a brief record of General Upton’s life for his family and immediate personal friends.
In overstepping the limits at first proposed for the work, and in extending its circulation to the general public, the author has been guided by two considerations: First, the hope that the lessons drawn from General Upton’s life might be valuable to the youths who may hereafter enter the military profession, brought about a modification of its original plan, and necessitated the omission of much that was of purely family interest; second, Upton’s valuable researches into the military policy of his country, and the essential influence which his conclusions will have upon its future military organizations, seemed to warrant the wider publicity which is now attempted.
CHAPTER III. Active Service as a Subaltern
Emory Upton, 1865
The great body of volunteers assembled at Washington in the spring of 1861, in obedience to the call of the President, although inspired by patriotic enthusiasm, was without discipline or military knowledge, save the little they had individually acquired by their service in the militia. To remedy these defects became, then, a matter of pressing necessity before the troops could with confidence be sent into the field. The War Department, doubtless with this end in view, ordered the graduation of the two upper classes of the Military Academy, in order to utilize the services of these carefully trained and thoroughly disciplined young men in drilling the various regiments of volunteers.
Upton’s class was graduated on the 6th of May, and had completed all but a month of their five years’ cadet service. They were in every way qualified for the responsible duties to which they were at once assigned. Imperative orders directed their immediate presence in Washington. Delaying but a few hours in New York to procure their arms and equipments for active service, many of them still in their cadet uniform, they hurried on to Washington, and were at once absorbed in the performance of the duty assigned them.
Coming as they did fresh from the Military Academy, accustomed to strict disciplinary principles, having a practical as well as a theoretical knowledge of military science, and with a high sense of honor, they were peculiarly fortunate in being at once associated with those patriotic men who formed the first levy of our volunteer army.
Emory Upton on 121st New York Infantry Regiment monument at Gettysbur
They could not help being ennobled by intimate association with the men who, in the highest spirit of self-sacrifice, had given up every worldly interest, as well as family and home, and who stood ready to yield life itself in order that the Union might be preserved.
The influence of such men upon these active and high-spirited young regulars can never be wholly understood, except in the light of the remarkable success that the latter attained by the hearty cooperation of the former; and the regular army of to-day shows that the patriotic and devoted sacrifice of our volunteer soldiery has had an absorbing influence upon its present temper and discipline.
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Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 4th district | |
---|---|
In office March 4, 1803 – March 3, 1805 | |
Preceded by | Richard Winn |
Succeeded by | O'Brien Smith |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 2nd district | |
In office March 4, 1795 – March 3, 1797 | |
Preceded by | John Hunter |
Succeeded by | John Rutledge, Jr. |
Personal details | |
Born | early 1750s Colony of Virginia, British America |
Died | February 4, 1835 (aged approximately 82–83) Columbia, South Carolina, U.S. |
Political party | Democratic-Republican |
Profession | planter, soldier, politician |
Military service | |
Allegiance | United States of America |
Branch/service | Continental Army United States Army |
Years of service | 1777 - 1781; 1808 - 1814 |
Rank | Major general |
Battles/wars | American Revolutionary War 1811 German Coast Uprising War of 1812 |
Wade Hampton (early 1750s – February 4, 1835) was an American soldier, politician, two-term U.S. Congressman, and may have been the wealthiest planter and one of the largest slave holders in the U.S. at the time of his death.[1]
Dating A Cadet In Wade Hampton South Carolina Demographics
Biography[edit]
Born in the early 1750s, sources vary on Hampton's exact birth year, listing it as 1751,[2] 1752[3] or 1754.[4] He was the scion of the politically important Hampton family, which was influential in state politics almost into the 20th century. His second great-grandfather Thomas Hampton (1623–1690) was born in England and settled in the Virginia Colony. Thomas Hampton's father, William, a wool merchant, sailed from England and appears on the 1618 passenger list of the Bona Novo. The ship was blown off course and arrived in Newfoundland. It would arrive in Jamestown the following year, 1619. He would send for his wife and three children to arrive in Jamestown in 1620.
Military career[edit]
Hampton served in the American Revolutionary War as a captain in the 2nd South Carolina Regiment (1777-1781) and as the lieutenant colonel of a South Carolina volunteercavalryregiment. He was a Democratic-Republicanmember of Congress for South Carolina from 1795 to 1797 and from 1803 to 1805, and a presidential elector in 1800.
He was appointed to the US Army as Colonel of Regiment of Light Dragoons in October 1808, and was promoted to Brigadier General in February 1809, appointed as the top military officer in the Territory of Orleans.[5]
He used the U.S. military presence in New Orleans to suppress the 1811 German Coast Uprising, a slave revolt which he believed was a Spanish plot. In the same year, he purchased The Houmas, a sugar plantation in Ascension Parish, Louisiana. This may have been a gift for his daughter and son-in-law, as the son-in-law was managing the plantation by 1825.
During the War of 1812, Hampton commanded the American forces in the Battle of the Chateauguay in 1813, leading thousands of U.S. soldiers to defeat at the hands of a little over a thousand colonial Canadian militia and 180 Mohawk warriors, then getting his army lost in the woods. On April 6, 1814, he resigned his commission and returned to South Carolina.
Later life[edit]
Thereafter, he acquired a large fortune through landspeculation. Hampton had a mansion, now known as the Hampton-Preston House, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, in Columbia, South Carolina. At his death in the 1830s, it was said that he was the wealthiest planter in the U.S. and possessed some 3,000 slaves amongst his holdings.[6] In his anti-slavery compendium American Slavery as It Is, Theodore Weld cites a witness who heard him boasting that he killed some of his slaves for a nutritional experiment. The witness represents Hampton's words as: '[T]hey died like rotten sheep!!'[7]
Wade Hampton I is interred in the churchyard at Trinity Episcopal Church in Columbia, South Carolina's capital city.
His son Wade Hampton II and grandson Wade Hampton III also became prominent in South Carolina social and political circles.
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^Bridwell, Ronald E. (2016). 'Hampton, Wade I'. South Carolina Encyclopedia. University of South Carolina.
- ^Wade Hampton III Biography, Robert K. Ackerman
- ^Wade Hampton I Congressional Biography
- ^Adams, Henry (1986). History of the United States during the Administrations of James Madison. Library of America. p. 493.
- ^Heitman p. 78
- ^http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~msissaq2/hampton.html The Wade Hampton Family, The Issaquena Genealogy and History Project, Rootsweb, retrieved May 7, 2017
- ^American Slavery as It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses, p. 29, retrieved May 27, 2020
References[edit]
- Heitman, Francis B. (1903). 'Historical register and dictionary of the United States Army'. War Department. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
- 'HAMPTON, Wade, (1752 - 1835)'. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
External links[edit]
- Wade Hampton in the Louisiana Historical Association's Dictionary of Louisiana Biography
- Wade Hampton I at Find a Grave
- Wade Hampton Letter at The Historic New Orleans Collection
U.S. House of Representatives | ||
---|---|---|
Preceded by John Hunter | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 2nd congressional district 1795-1797 | Succeeded by John Rutledge, Jr. |
Preceded by Richard Winn | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 4th congressional district 1803-1805 | Succeeded by O'Brien Smith |
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